Philadelphia :: essays research papers

This movie caused a lot of hoopla when it was released back in ’93, for it was the first Hollywood studio movie to fully tackle the subject of AIDS. Now, I don’t want to take anything away from the film, because it is still quite entertaining, but it certainly doesn’t come off as a groundbreaking film anymore. Even back when it was released, I personally didn’t think it was that big of a deal because by that time we’d already seen the subject matter covered for years, in news reports, documentaries and independent films; so when PHILADELPHIA finally came along, it seemed like it was just a little overdue†¦ What the film does succeed in doing is taking a deep look at a new kind of discrimination that grew as AIDS became more prevalent in the minds of the general public and how some people’s hatred towards gays got even more fueled as this new disease became a harsh and frightening reality in the world. I was a bit surprised to see the qu ote â€Å"An emotional powerhouse!† on the back cover of the DVD because as it does have its share of emotional scenes, they’re far from overwhelming and it isn’t likely that that is what you’ll take away from it in the end. The most memorable, powerful scenes, in fact, are those awkward moments that are examined as we see how people around Andrew react upon learning of his illness – the most famous ones being Washington’s reaction to Hanks in his office and the confrontation in the public library between Hanks and an employee there. Demme also does an admirable job in making the City of Brotherly Love a real presence in the movie. The opening credit sequence is a beautiful montage of all the great sights of the city and its people, giving us a real sense of the metropolis. From the rich neighborhoods to the slums, from the working class to the homeless sleeping on the streets – it all plays wonderfully as we witness many of them waving to the camera, all from different backgrounds, cultures and races, and all very proud to be Philadelphians. To me, it’s one of the best opening credit sequences in recent memory. Bruce Springsteen’s â€Å"Streets of Philadelphia† plays over it all and it’s still as emotionally involving as it was back when it was ruling the airwaves in ‘93.

Youth Suicide

ARTICLE IN PRESS Journal of Adolescence xxx (2010) 1–8 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Adolescence journal homepage: www. elsevier. com/locate/jado Factors accounting for youth suicide attempt in Hong Kong: A model building Gloria W. Y. Wan a, Patrick W. L. Leung b, * a b Clinical Psychology Service, Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui Welfare Council, 5/F, Holy Trinity Bradury Center, 139 Ma Tau Chung Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China 3/F, Sino Building, Clinical and Health Psychology Centre, Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China b s t r a c t Keywords: Suicide ideation/attempt Family Psychopathology Life events/stressors Chinese youths This study aimed at proposing and testing a conceptual model of youth suicide attempt. We proposed a model that began with family factors such as a history of physical abuse and parental divorce/separation. Family relationship, presence of psychopathology, life stressors, and suicid e ideation were postulated as mediators, leading to youth suicide attempt. The stepwise entry of the risk factors to a logistic regression model de? ned their proximity as related to suicide attempt. Path analysis further re? ned our proposed model of youth suicide attempt. Our originally proposed model was largely con? rmed. The main revision was dropping parental divorce/separation as a risk factor in the model due to lack of signi? cant contribution when examined alongside with other risk factors. This model was cross-validated by gender. This study moved research on youth suicide from identi? cation of individual risk factors to model building, integrating separate ? ndings of the past studies. O 2009 The Association for Professionals in Services for Adolescents. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Introduction Youth suicide, being one of the three leading causes of death in young people, has been a focus of research. Various individual risk factors have been identi? ed (Gould, Greenberg, Velting, & Shaffer, 2003). Despite this success, not until recently are there attempts to develop complex theory-based models that draw together all those identi? ed risk factors and depict their interplay (Bridge, Goldstein, & Brent, 2006; Mann, Waternaux, Haas, & Malone, 1999). Correspondingly, empirical studies in this area are few (e. g. Foley, Goldston, Costello, & Angold, 2006; Fortune, Stewart, Yadav, & Hawton, 2007; Prinstein et al. , 2008; Reinherz, Tanner, Berger, Beardslee, & Fitzmaurice, 2006). Hence, we propose here a model of youth suicide attempt and test it in a sample of Chinese high school students. We aim at articulating and testing hypothetical pathways between family factors, psychopathology, life stressors, and suicidal beha vior. Our model begins with consideration of family risk factors, including a history of physical abuse within the family, poor family relationship, and parental divorce/separation (Johnson et al. 2002; Gould, Fisher, Parides, Flory, & Shaffer, 1996; Gould, Shaffer, Prudence, & Robin, 1998; Liu, Sun, & Yang, 2008; Salzinger, Rosario, Feldman, & Ng-Mak, 2007). However, the latter’s association with youth suicidal behavior is no longer signi? cant or attenuated after controlled for parent-child or family relationship (Groholt, Ekeberg, Wichstrom, & Haldorsen, 2000). Family adversities are also known precursors of youth psychopathology (Fergusson, Woodward, & Horwood, 2000). The latter in turn is found to be a risk factor of suicidal behavior * Corresponding author. Tel. : ? 852 2609 6502; fax: ? 852 2603 5019. E-mail address: [email  protected] edu. hk (P. W. L. Leung). 0140-1971/$ – see front matter O 2009 The Association for Professionals in Services for Adolescents. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10. 1016/j. adolescence. 2009. 12. 007 Please cite this article in press as: Wan, G. W. Y. , Leung, P. W. L. , Factors accounting for youth suicide attempt in Hong Kong: A model building, Journal of Adolescence (2010), doi:10. 1016/j. adolescence. 2009. 12. 007 ARTICLE IN PRESS 2 G. W. Y. Wan, P. W. L. Leung / Journal of Adolescence xxx (2010) 1–8 (Brent, Baugher, Bridge, Chen, & Chiappetta, 1999; Osvath, Voros, & Fekete, 2004). A wide range of psychopathology has been implicated, including internalizing/externalizing disorders, and substance use disorders (Brent et al. , 2004; Foley et al. , 2006; Gould et al. , 2003; Lee et al. , 2009; Shaffer et al. , 1996; Stewart et al. , 2006). Furthermore, the risk of suicidal behavior increases with the number of comorbid disorders and with the combination of mood, disruptive and substance abuse disorders (Brent et al. , 1999; Shaffer et al. , 1996). Suicide ideation is among the best predictors of suicide attempt (Prinstein et al. , 2008; Wong et al. , 2008). Studies also suggest that the occurrence of life stressors may prompt suicide ideators into acting on their ideation, ending up in attempted suicide (Borges et al. , 2008; Liu & Tein, 2005). Based upon the above review, our model on youth suicide attempt starts with family risk factors such as a history of physical abuse and parental divorce/separation. We postulate that poor family relationship, psychopathology, life stressors, and suicide ideation act as mediators, leading to suicide attempt. Speci? cally, we hypothesize that a history of physical abuse and parental divorce/separation are associated with poor family relationship. The latter is in turn related to the occurrence of psychopathology in youths. Comorbid internalizing and externalizing disorders then play a crucial role as risk factors to recent life stressors and suicide ideation. Finally, the latter two are risk factors directly linked to suicide attempt. Method Participants and procedure A total of 2754 grade 7–11 Chinese high school students were recruited to participate voluntarily in the study. They were randomly sampled from 15 mainstream high schools of diversi? ed academic rankings from different regions of Hong Kong. The participating schools represented a convenience sample, since they were schools served by the School Counselling Service of Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui Welfare Council, at which the ? rst author of this study worked. However, the participating schools covered a full range of academic rankings and a wide geographic spread across Hong Kong, and no speci? c bias in their sampling was noted. Thus, they were considered to be representative of local mainstream schools. Special schools of various kinds were excluded. Ethics approval was ? rst obtained from the relevant institutional authority. School visits were then made to explain the objectives of the study. A total of 15 schools were contacted and all of them (100%) agreed to participate in the study. Informed written consents were obtained from parents of the randomly sampled students. The response rate was 94. 4%. The participants completed the self-report questionnaires during school hours. The returned questionnaires were screened for severe psychopathology and suicidal behavior. For ethical reasons, the corresponding school counselors would be alerted for such cases in order to take appropriate actions. Measures Psychopathology The 1991 version of Youth Self-Report (YSR) was re-validated with satisfactory test–retest reliability and criterion validity for use with Hong Kong Chinese youths (Leung et al. , 2006). It evaluated the occurrence of psychopathology in the past 6 months. Since two items in YSR referred to suicidal/self harm behavior and they thus contaminated the relationship under investigation between psychopathology and suicidal behavior, the two items were removed in this study from the construct of internalizing problems as assessed by YSR. Youth suicide ideation/attempt Self-report measures of suicide ideation/attempt had been found to be reliable primary data sources (Joiner, Rudd, & Rajab, 1999; Miranda et al. , 2008). Two measures were used to assess suicide ideation/attempt in this study. First, YSR had two items that referred to suicide ideation and attempt, respectively. However, a single-item measure for a variable was considered undesirable. Hence, two short self-report questionnaires for suicide ideation and attempt were extracted respectively from an existing, longer questionnaire used in a previous local study which asked the occurrences and details of suicide ideation, communication, plan, and attempt (Ho, Leung, Hung, Lee, & Tang, 2000). This questionnaire was found useful in assessing the suicidal behavior of peers of suicide completers and attempters. Depending on whether a youth had consistently indicated suicide ideation and/or attempt both in the adapted questionnaires and with the corresponding item in YSR, he/she would be considered ategorically in this study as a suicide ideator and/or attempter, or not. Recent life stressors The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS; Holmes & Rahe, 1967) asked 30 stressful life events which might happen to the young people and their families in the preceding 12 months. In this study, items in the SRRS related to parental con? ict and divorce/separation were excluded, since these family events were separately examined elsewhere as family risk factors in our model. Items irrelevant to local young adolescents were also excluded (e. g. accepted at a college of your choice). Family relationship In this study, the Family Relationship Index (FRI), a composite of three subscales (i. e. , cohesion, expressiveness, and con? ict) of the Family Environment Scale (FES; Moos & Moos, 1986), was used as a measure of family relationship. The FRI had Please cite this article in press as: Wan, G. W. Y. , Leung, P. W. L. , Factors accounting for youth suicide attempt in Hong Kong: A model building, Journal of Adolescence (2010), doi:10. 1016/j. adolescence. 2009. 12. 007 ARTICLE IN PRESS G. W. Y. Wan, P. W. L. Leung / Journal of Adolescence xxx (2010) 1–8 3 been found to correlate well with other measures of family dysfunction (Hoge, Andrews, Faulkner, & Robinson, 1989) and was widely used in research with Chinese youths (Locke & Prinz, 2002). Parents’ marital status The current marital status of the participants’ parents was enquired with reference to divorce/separation. History of physical abuse Participants were asked to report if they had experienced any physical abuse in the family since childhood. Three items were adapted from Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) (Bernstein et al. 1994) and two additional ones that were relevant to the local Chinese context were speci? cally written for this study, e. g. , ‘‘People in my family had applied corporal punishment to me’’ and ‘‘After I was being physically punished, I had to go to see a doctor or could not go to school’’. Data analysis First, a series of logistic reg ression analysis would be conducted to explore the signi? cance of each individual risk factor separately in predicting suicide ideation and attempt. Except for parental divorce/separation, other risk factors were measured in this study in dimensional scales. They were turned into ategorical data in this logistic regression analysis using distributional cutoffs to de? ne relative deviance (see Table 1 for the exact de? nitions of cutoffs). Second, we tested our proposed model of youth suicide attempt, using hierarchical regression ? rst. The series of predictors would be entered in steps according to their positions in relation to suicide attempt in our proposed model. The risk factors of a history of physical abuse and parental divorce/separation would ? rst be forced into the regression equation, after controlling for effects of the background variables (including age, gender, and family income). Family relationship would then be entered into the equation in the second step. The third batch of predictors would be internalizing and externalizing problems. They were followed in turn by suicide ideation and life stressors. We hypothesized a partial or complete mediational model in which the effects of factors entered ? rst would be attenuated or superseded by those of the subsequent factors in predicting youth suicide attempt. Lastly, path analysis would be conducted to directly test our proposed model of youth suicide attempt, using Lisrel 8. 71. Path analysis has its strengths in examining the chains of in? uences between independent variables, and in postulating the possible cause-and-effect relations among variables for further investigation. An ordinary sample covariance matrix for path analysis would not be appropriate to deal with the dichotomous data of suicidal behavior and parental divorce/separation, as well as the kurtosis and skewness within the other dimensional data. Instead, an asymptotic covariance matrix should be used, analysis of which would require the use of an estimator that allowed for non-normality. The weighted least squares (WLS) method, instead of the maximum likelihood estimator, had provision for such non-normality and was thus the appropriate estimator to be used in this study. Results The mean age of the 2754 participants was 13. 9 years (SD ? 1. 3, range ? 11–18). Among the participants, 55. 7% was male. There were missing data on suicidal behavior from 39 participants. Among the remaining 2715 participants, 252 participants (9. 2%) reported suicide ideation in the past 6 months. Among the 91 (3. 3%) reporting suicide attempt in the same period, only six (6. %) did not report suicide ideation. By gender, among the 1219 female participants, 167 (13. 7%) reported suicide ideation, while only two (3. 0%) of 66 (5. 4%) female suicide attempters did not report suicide ideation. The corresponding ? gures for male participants (1535) were 85 (5. 5%), four (16. 0%), and 25 (1. 6%). Table 1 Percentages of suicide ideators, attempters, and non-suicidal controls, association with various risk factors, and odds ratios (ORs) for predicting suicide ideation and attempt. Variables Cronbach’s Alpha Ideators (n ? 52) n Parents divorced/separated History of physical abusea Poor family relationshipb Internalizing problemsc Externalizing problemsc Frequent recent life stressorsd – 0. 83 0. 83 0. 89 0. 88 – 41 73 142 76 99 102 % 16. 3 29. 0 56. 3 30. 2 39. 3 40. 5 Attempters (n ? 91) n 19 29 51 32 45 44 % 20. 9 31. 9 56. 0 35. 2 49. 5 48. 4 Non-suicidal controls (n ? 2457) n 239 169 602 103 153 364 % 9. 7 6. 9 24. 5 4. 2 6. 2 14. 8 Ideators vs controls OR 1. 8** 5. 8*** 3. 8*** 13. 9*** 9. 8*** 3. 6*** (95% CI) (1. 2–2. 6) (4. 2–8. 1) (2. 9–5. 1) (9. 6–20. 1) (7. 1–13. 4) (2. 7–4. 8) Attempters vs controls OR 2. 3** 5. *** 3. 7*** 10. 7*** 11. 1*** 5. 2*** (95% CI) (1. 3–4. 0) (3. 3–8. 6) (2. 4–5. 7) (6. 6–17. 5) (7. 1–17. 5) (3. 4–8. 1) **p < 0. 01; ***p < 0 . 001. a Cutoff at total score > ? 6 (80th percentile). b Cutoff at total score > ? 15 (80th percentile). c Cutoff at T-score > ? 64 (at clinical range, 92nd percentile). d Cutoff at number of recent life stressors > ? 4 (80th percentile). Please cite this article in press as: Wan, G. W. Y. , Leung, P. W. L. , Factors accounting for youth suicide attempt in Hong Kong: A model building, Journal of Adolescence (2010), doi:10. 1016/j. adolescence. 2009. 12. 07 ARTICLE IN PRESS 4 G. W. Y. Wan, P. W. L. Leung / Journal of Adolescence xxx (2010) 1–8 Table 1 presents the internal consistency coef? cients of the measures employed in this study. They were consistently satisfactory, ranging from 0. 83 to 0. 89. Table 1 also lists the results of separate logistic regression analysis of each risk factor, including the percentages of suicide ideators, attempters, and non-suicidal participants (i. e. , those reporting neither suicide ideation nor attempt) having various risks, as well as t he odds ratios (ORs) of these risk factors in predicting suicide ideation and attempt. Despite multiple testing of the group differences, such testing was all theory-driven (see the literature review above) and was not random so that statistical control of the effects of multiple testing was not required. All three family risk factors (i. e. , parental divorce/separation, history of physical abuse, and poor family relationship) were more prevalent among suicide ideators and attempters, and had signi? cant ORs. Among these risk factors, a history of physical abuse was the best predictor of suicide ideation (OR ? 5. 8, 95% CI ? 4. 2–8. 1) and attempt (OR ? 5. 3, 95% CI ? 3. 3–8. 6). Nearly one third of ideators (29. 0%) and attempters (31. 9%), in contrast to 6. 9% of non-suicidal participants, had a history of being physically abused. With respect to the other two family risk factors, 16. 3% of ideators (OR ? 1. 8, 95% CI ? 1. 2–2. 6) and 20. 9% of attemptors (OR ? 2. 3, 95% CI ? 1. 3–4. 0), compared to 9. 7% of non-suicidal participants, reported parental divorce/separation, while 56. 3% of ideators (OR ? 3. 8, 95% CI ? 2. 9–5. 1) and 56. 0% of attemptors (OR ? 3. 7, 95% CI ? 2. 4–5. 7), compared to 24. 5% of nonsuicidal participants, reported poor family relationship. Compared to family factors, internalizing and externalizing problems were even more associated with higher risks of suicidal behaviors. The ORs of internalizing problems for suicide ideation and attempt were respectively 13. 9 (95% CI ? 9. 6– 20. 1) and 10. 7 (95% CI ? 6. 6–17. 5), while the ORs of externalizing problems were 9. 8 (95% CI ? 7. 1–13. 4) and 11. 1 (95% CI ? 7. 1–17. 5). Nearly one third of ideators (30. 2%) and attempters (35. 2%), in contrast to 4. 2% of non-suicidal participants, had internalizing problems. The corresponding ? gures for externalizing problems were 39. 3% and 49. 5% vs 6. %. Life stressors in the past year also elevated the risk of suicide ideation (OR ? 3. 6, 95% CI ? 2. 7–4. 8) and attempt (OR ? 5. 2, 95% CI ? 3. 4–8. 1). About 40. 5% of suicide ideators and 48. 4% of attempters were reporting more frequent life stressors, compared to 14. 8% of non-suicidal participants. Table 2 shows the results of logistic regression analysis with forced entry of subsets of risk factors in steps, after controlling for background variables (i. e. , age, gender, and family income). With each successive entry of each subset of risk factors, the majority of the previous ones became insigni? ant so that in the ? nal regression model, only recent life stressors (OR ? 1. 01, p < 0. 01) and suicide ideation (OR ? 95. 7, p < 0. 001) signi? cantly accounted for youth suicide attempt. In other words, despite their initial statistical signi? cance when ? rst entered into the regression model, those risk factors such as a history of physical abuse, poor family relationship, and internalizing and externalizing disorders no longer signi? cantly accounted for youth suicide attempt, after life stressors and suicide ideation were later entered into the model. This pattern of results indicated a mediational model largely compatible to our proposed model of youth suicide attempt. It should be noted that parental divorce/separation as a predictor was not signi? cant even when ? rst entered into the regression analysis alongside with a history of physical abuse. This risk factor was thus dropped in the later path analysis. Our proposed model of youth suicide attempt, in a form of a mediational model, was directly tested by path analysis. It achieved a very good ? t: c2 (6, N ? 2754) ? 39. 5, p < 0. 0001; GFI ? 0. 99; AGFI ? 0. 97; RMSEA ? 0. 045; NFI ? 0. 96; CFI ? . 97; RMR ? 0. 57 (Fig. 1). Weighted least squares standardized estimators of the model and their signi? cance according to the two-tailed z value are presented in Fig. 1. All paths shown were signi? cant at p < 0. 01. As shown in Fig. 1, a history of physical abuse, as a family risk factor, was linked directly to suicide ideation, as well as to the ? rst tier of mediators in the m odel, namely, poor family relationship, and externalizing and internalizing problems. They were in turn linked to suicide ideation. The externalizing and internalizing problems were additionally linked to recent life stressors. Finally, suicidal ideation and life stressors were both associated with suicide attempt, with life stressors also linking to the suicide ideation as well. This mediational model with several tiers of mediators explained 48% and 87% of the variances in youth suicide ideation and attempt, respectively. Table 2 Logistic regression of risk factors in predicting youth suicide attempt, controlled for demographic variables. Blocks entered to the modela Deviance between blocks (c2)b 18. 37*** 1. 02*** n. s. 55. 59*** 72. 71*** 1. 02** n. s. 1. 17*** 1. 01* n. s. 1. 07** 1. 07*** 1. 09*** 168. 80*** 10. 5*** 1. 02* n. s. n. s. n. s. n. s. n. s. n. s. 95. 67*** 1. 01** ORs 1 2 3 4 5 1. Family factors History of physical abuse Parental divorce/separation 2. Poor family relationship 3. Psychopathology Internalizing problems Externalizing problems 4. Suicide ideation 5. Life stressors n. s. n. s. 103. 72*** n. s. : non-signi? cant. *p < 0. 05; **p < 0. 01; ***p < 0. 001. a The sequence of blocks entered into the logistic regression model; all factors entered were continuous variables except parental divorce/separation and suicide ideation. b Chi-square deviance of each block entered. Please cite this article in press as: Wan, G. W. Y. , Leung, P. W. L. , Factors accounting for youth suicide attempt in Hong Kong: A model building, Journal of Adolescence (2010), doi:10. 1016/j. adolescence. 2009. 12. 007 ARTICLE IN PRESS G. W. Y. Wan, P. W. L. Leung / Journal of Adolescence xxx (2010) 1–8 5 0. 85*** 0. 52*** 0. 13*** 1. 00*** History of physical abuse 0. 39*** Poor family relationship 0. 19*** 0. 13*** Suicide ideation 0. 20*** 0. 15*** 0. 88*** Suicide attempt 0. 21*** 0. 17*** 0. 44*** 0. 79*** 0. 13*** 0. 33*** Externalizing problems 0. 42*** 0. 29*** Recent stressors 0. 82*** *p

Medical Technology During Civil War - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1229 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/05/08 Category History Essay Level High school Topics: Civil War Essay War Essay Did you like this example? The Civil War lasted from the year 1861 to the year 1865, believe it or not but the main cause of deaths in this war was not from battle wounds but from diseases and poor sanitation from doctors. Both Doctors and Nurses played a vital role during the civil war. They worked hard to save their soldiers, while doing so they discovered the medical practice and surgical operations but more importantly they helped medicine develop into what we have today. Although the medicine was being practiced, it also made the civil war one of the deadliest wars in Americas history. Roughly around six hundred twenty thousand soldiers died in this war; four hundred thousand of those soldiers died of diseases while in the hospital. There was not a high need for hospitals throughout the war, and this would have a major impact on the soldiers. Many men would fall ill with many contagious diseases before even stepping foot on the battle field. During this time the healthcare sources were limited, very few doctors, ambulances, untrained nurses, medical supplies, and sometimes there wouldnt even be a bed for the wounded to rest so they would be lined up outside. Wounded soldiers would be divided into three different groups; first were the surgical cases that were thought to live, second is the slightly wounded because their injuries were non-life threatening, and last would be the beyond hope meaning they had no chance of living. They most fatal surgeries were rarely attempted by doctors such as abdominal surgeries, mainly because of the lack of antibiotics. When temporary hospitals became a high demand, they would use hotels, farmhouses, warehouses, and nearby barns. Hospitals slowly improved but towards the end of the war hospitals were starting to become more of a need and necessity to peoples everyday lives and also creating more jobs for women. During the civil war, the possibility of a doctor being well trained was very slim, the majority of doctors maybe had two yea rs of schooling and they mainly did bookwork. Before the War, surgeons usually dealt with minor surgery cases such as pulling teeth. There were very few Doctors who knew what they were doing during the surgeries and medical practice, they struggled to find out how diseases spread, therefor these doctors didnt realize that they were the reason that the increase of disease was getting out of control. Not washing their hands nor sterilizing their surgical equipment was their main cause of diseases such as typhoid and dysentery; the leading cause of deaths of civil war soldiers during this war. Diseases killed more war soldiers than did battles; bayonets caused less than four percent of wounds, artillery fire caused five percent of wounds and bullets would cause more than ninety percent of wounds. Many people wonder how these brave soldiers gotten through their pain during extreme surgeries. Sulfuric ether and chloroform were the first two anesthetic methods used, but chloroform was preferred by doctors because it took a less amount of dosage than it would sulfuric ether just to do the same job; chloroform also worked faster than sulfuric ether. Sulfuric ether was discovered in Europe by William Morton in 1846. As we honor the sesquicentennial, or 150th anniversary, of the Civil War, it is still widely believed that the sole anesthetic agent used was the whiskey bottle said Maurice S. Albin, M.D., professor in the UAB Department of Anesthesiology. Some patients were given whiskey and a dose of opium, then knocked out with chloroform. Local pain killers, such as powdered opiates, were used for bullet extractions and wound dressings whereas the chloroform and sulfuric ether would be used for more of the major surgeries like amputations. Opium became an addictive drug to the soldiers because opiates or morphine were given to them when they became sick, once the soldiers came home they struggled with the addiction to the pain killers. Soldiers were not the only pe ople who would be addicted to this narcotic, women and families would get addicted as well. Family physicians would prescribe women or family members opium or morphine to cope with grief or an injury. Even with their lack of experience and education, women would offer to help take care of the wounded and sick soldiers on both the battlefield and in the make shift hospitals, they were called nurses and this was the beginning of this profession. Nearly thirty-two hundred women served as nurses in the Civil War. These nurses would assist the doctors during surgeries and amputations, they dressed soldiers wounds, and helped feed the wounded who couldnt feed themselves. During this war, the number of women whom could work for the military was limited but the need for nurses amplified. Women left their families, risked their lives, lived in tents and hospital wagons for around twelve dollars a month. After the war, some of the nurses had went off to write books about their experiences during that time. Doctor Mary Walker was one of the first women surgeons and was the first and only one to treat the injured soldiers of the Civil War. Dr. Walker had not seen this amount of blood shed before, much less worked in the environment. She spoke about one specific soldier who had a serious head injury. As doctor Mary Walker described in her journala shell had taken part of his skull away, about as large a piece as a dollar I could see the pulsation of the brain, and when he walked I could see movement of the same, slight though it was. He was perfectly sensible, and although I never saw him after he was taken to Washington, I learned that he lived several days. Today, people dont think about how much our medicine has changed and shaped since the Civil War or how the Civil War is the start and reasoning in the changing of our medicine. Field medics, or combat medics which were people in the battle field who would be the soldiers first responders and care for them unt il they get to an actual doctor. The change in surgeries are outstanding as well. During the Civil War a doctor could perform an amputation within a couple of minutes, they would either leave the womb open and clean it regularly until new skin grew over the womb. Or they would leave a nice size flap of skin and layer it over the open wound and sealed it, although at that time the word germ wasnt too considerable to the surgeons. Nearly three quarters of the operations performed in the Civil War makeshift hospitals were amputations. And with the amputations becoming more commonly used, prosthetics were born and became more and more demanding. Craftsmen would craft hands, feet, arms and legs according to what that patient needed and was more comfortable in. During the Civil war, there were many forms of medicine and operations, some of the medicine that were used then are still used now such as opiates. Although the basics still remain the same, the medical technology and knowledg e has come a far way. The deadliest thing among the soldiers during the war was diseases such as outbreaks of measles, small pox, malaria, pneumonia, and camp itch. Roughly around six hundred twenty thousand soldiers died in this war; four hundred thousand of those soldiers died of diseases while in the hospital. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Medical Technology During Civil War" essay for you Create order

Mass Media Essay - 1114 Words

Mass media has been around for decades and it has grown more rapidly as technology advances. It started with telegraphs and eventually turned into televisions, newspapers, cell phones, magazines, and the internet. The purpose of mass media is to provide news/information, education, and entertainment. With these purposes, comes the influence of all the information we are exposed to. Most might say that mass media has had a positive impact on society as it’s made communication and information easily accessible for everyone. However, what they’re not aware of is the negative influences it has brought to women’s body-image. Because of the media’s endless advertisements of what is considered â€Å"beautiful† or â€Å"perfect†, eating disorders and body†¦show more content†¦Exercising and dieting used to be emphasized for its health benefits, but nowadays, it’s more about the physical attraction it might give you. I wouldn’t consider myself to be anorexic, but what I’m trying to say here is that the media’s portrayal of women’s bodies has also made me feel as if the only way I can be considered â€Å"beautiful† or â€Å"perfect† in this society is to look like the abnormally thin models who are constantly being advertised on televisions, magazine, and all over the internet. Another thing that I found significant in Bordo’s article is when she writes about the influence that US and Britain TV programs had on women from Fiji. Bordo concludes that before television was introduced, there was no reports of eating disorders, but when â€Å"United States and Britain began broadcasting there, 62 percent of the girls surveyed reported dieting.† A country where â€Å"voluptuous† bodies were favored changed immediately as soon as they were exposed to media’s perception of a â€Å"perfect† body. This part really emphasized the power of mass media . Not only did they change the perception of women’s â€Å"perfect† body, but they prompted these women to make a change in order to be considered perfect. With media constantly plastering photo shopped or airbrushed images of â€Å"perfect† models, women continue to be dissatisfied with their bodies. They continuously compare themselvesShow MoreRelatedMass Media Essay720 Words   |  3 Pages Mass Media: Development and Literacy Assignment Emily Lewis Horne University of Phoenix HUM 186 October 30, 2017 The Major Developments of the Mass Media In the textbook, Media and Culture: Mass Communication in a Digital Age, written by Richard Campbell, it talks about wat mass media is and the mass media developments. It said, â€Å"The mass media are the cultural industries—the channels of communication—that produce and distribute songs, novels, TV shows, news- papers, movies, video gamesRead MoreMass Media Essay827 Words   |  4 PagesUnderstanding the media and what media literacy entails is an important trait that everybody should learn. There were a few developments in the evolution of mass media that took place in the past century. Mass communication first started in the earliest of society which started the written and oral communication era. In this time information was passed down through oral traditions by teachers or story-tellers. As time passed and more stories were told the alphabet and written word finally were createdRead More Mass Media Essay1714 Words   |  7 PagesMass Media Have you ever had an original thought? Why do we dress the way we do, watch what we watch or even live the way we do. Through our means of entertainment, it is almost a guide in how one should live their life. With the technology we have in our world we are persuaded to believe what is right and what is wrong. Although we create our own world, our thoughts were imposed upon us since the day we are born. â€Å"What if the world is some kind of show. What if we are only talents assembledRead MoreMass Media Essay892 Words   |  4 Pages Mass Media: Development and Literacy Option A HUM/186 Nichole LeBlanc 12/04/2017 This week we learned about the different types of mass media and the formation of them. We were given insight into how much the media has changed over time and how it affects our daily lives. Over the course of history, there has been many types of media that have come about. In the last century, some of the major developments in the evolution of mass media wereRead MoreMass Media Essay739 Words   |  3 Pages Mass Media: Development and Literacy Alex Mitchell HUM/186 September 25,2017 Allyson Wells Mass Media: Development and Literacy Mass media has come a long way the past century. What started as books, newspapers, and magazines being the only way to receive any news or messages, has developed into much more than that now. The major developments in the evolution of mass media during the last century have literally changed our world and the way we get our information. These developmentsRead MoreEssay on Mass Media1405 Words   |  6 Pages1. There are different forms of social media, each with a primary purpose. For example: Bloggs: Is web site base with no online membership. Internet users post short articles, and press releases. This media is capable of reaching large audiences through texting, Video images, and links to other related media. Social Net Working Sites: yet another popular virtual community, such as, My Space, and Face book. Both sites can be used to upload pictures, videos, post messages, and create a personalRead MoreEssay On Mass Media1277 Words   |  6 PagesAlston HUM/186 September 25, 2017 Allyson Wells INTRODUCTION Mass Media reaches a large part of our audiences today, whether it be from the movies, advertising, the internet, newspapers, magazines, twitter, you tube, Instagram, Facebook and so forth and because of this it can affect how we think and believe, both personally and as a society. Today, I will address three specific areas that product mass media channels have been used and has made a difference, either to me personallyRead MoreEffect of Media and Mass Communication Essay1386 Words   |  6 PagesThe media is a powerful presence within the lives of others. It can be described as the main channel of mass communication. Media is often used to deliver a message to a large audience who are diverse. It can be written, broadcast or spoken. Media is a significant force within modern culture. Culture can be defined as the norms and values of a society. In our culture, the communications media hold an influential place in disseminating information, forming attitudes, and motivating b ehaviour. TechnologicalRead MoreMass Media and Violence Essay891 Words   |  4 PagesMass Media and Violence Is it hard to believe that just forty years ago only a few privileged American families had televisions in their home? In recent years, it is estimated that a whopping ninety-eight percent of Americans have one or more television sets in their home. Motion pictures, televisions, video games, and the internet are just some forms of mass media that have emerged since the last century. With the rise of mass media, the increase of violent behavior has increased as well. MassRead MoreMass Media in America Essay730 Words   |  3 PagesMass Media in America The media is inescapable. At every checkout counter, there are ten different magazines showing us what the perfect girl looks like, who the sexiest men alive are, and Elvis is really an alien. Most people don’t think they are effected by this explosion of control the media has over us. That is because most people don’t realize that the media is actually controlling us. This is not a new idea, that people are ignorant to the fact they may not be as free as they think

Critical Review of Two Articles with the Concept of...

When creating the title for their book, which is dedicated to Stuart Hall, perhaps Paul Gilroy, Lawrence Grossberg and Angela McRobbie did not know that they not only found an exact citation to summarise all the works of this influencing cultural theorists, but also proposed the best phrase to describe Cultural Studies, that is without guarantee. Indeed, Cultural Studies devotes itself to questioning knowledge guaranteed to be true in society and more important, to continuously raising debates as its fundamental method to avoid any guaranteed answer. As a central concept of Cultural Studies, interpellation precisely reflects those features. First proposed by Louis Althusser in his essay Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses†¦show more content†¦These two parts, as he interprets Althusser, rule each other out in a way that the external conditions of ideology cannot be comprehended from within ideology, the institution of interiority necessarily brings about the denial, or better a disavowal of external origin. (1993, p.76) It is in this acknowledgement are located an assumption that ideology and science are two opposed concepts and that science as the grasping of materiality is the suspension of interpellation. In other words, interpellation model of Althusser could be labelled as either - or alternative, that is, either the materiality or subjectivity; either the exterior or the interior. (Dolar 1993, p. 77). However, this distinction apparently becomes problematic when being applied to analysis the complicated situation of a theoretician who engages with scientific work and thus takes a non-subject position , yet is as much of an (ideological) subject as anybody else, the illusion being constitute for any kind of subjectivity and thus ineluctable as he cannot escape.. his non-scientific existence. (Dolar 1993, p.76) In the light of this realisation, Dolar (1993) criticises Althussers clean cut as inadequate and insufficient (p.76), explaining th at if we pull ideology and reality in different directions, there will be moments in subjects, as in the case of theoreticians, that interpellation cannot cover for we do not knowShow MoreRelatedEssay on Colonial Oppression of Women1123 Words   |  5 Pagescivilization. Literature is one of the areas where the unjust power relationships are usually portrayed. Colonial and Postcolonial studies among other critical approaches provide a suitable critical discourse to analyze this issue in literary works. Feminist discourses share many similarities with postcolonial theory and for this reason the two fields have long been associative, even complimentary; both discourses are predominantly political and concern with the struggle against oppression and injusticeRead MoreBuchi Emecheta and African Traditional Society Essay1918 Words   |  8 Pagesas well as those in the past. The realistic picture provided by the writer destroys womens contentment with the present state of affairs while giving insights into the strategies that enable women to survive the oppressions of patriarchal society. Two types of women are presented in these novels: those that concede to oppression and domination of the patriarchal society and those who try hard to exploit the exis ting institutions of their society for their best. It is mainly in these three novelsRead MoreHorizontal, Vertical and Internal Communication in an Organization7509 Words   |  31 Pagesprograms, and employee participation programs such as quality circles and team meetings. Gibson and Hodgetts (1991:268-69) note several management-based reasons for this lack of satisfaction, particularly that these strategies often do not involve two-way communication, are not packaged well, are poorly timed, and are apt to trigger defensiveness on the part of managers. In addition, McCelland (1988) found a number of employee-based reasons why upward communication tends to be poor, including: o

Romeo and Juliet Act 3 Scene 5 Free Essays

Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet are from two prominent and feuding families who reside in the city of Verona, a real city in northern Italy. As far as the audience are aware, they are their parents’ only offspring, the only other ‘children’ in the family are Benvolio and Tybalt, cousins to Romeo and Juliet respectively. As only children, their parents are naturally protective of them – Juliet’s father, especially. We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet Act 3 Scene 5 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Towards the beginning of the play, in Act 1, Scene 2, Paris asks Capulet for permission to marry his daughter. In Elizabethan times (when the play was written and performed), it was the job of the father to give away the daughter, as if she were a present or his property, rather than her own person. Rather than just give away his daughter to Paris, a young nobleman, kinsman to the prince, and someone who would be seen as a ‘good catch’ for a husband, he tells him: ‘But going o’er what I have said before, My child is yet a stranger in the world, She hath not seen the change of fourteen years, Let two more summers wither in their pride, Ere we may think her ripe to be a bride’ From this speech that Capulet is protective of his daughter, and whilst he wants her to marry a fine man (she tells Paris to come back in two years), he doesn’t want her to grow up too quickly. It would appear that he has her best interests at heart. In the following scene, we first see the relationships between Juliet and her nurse and mother. Her mother seems somewhat out of touch with her daughter, having to ask the nurse to find her†¦ (‘Nurse, where’s my daughter? Call her forth to me’) and doesn’t seem to be able to talk to her daughter, other than through the nurse or in her presence ‘This is the matter:–Nurse, give leave a while, We must talk in secret:–nurse, come back again; I have remember’d me, thou’s hear our counsel. Thou know’st my daughter’s of a pretty age.. ’ However, she does appear to have some consideration for her daughter’s feelings and wishes, as she asks her what she thinks of marrying the nobleman, and to start thinking about marriage; she also makes her speech a little more personal by putting in some of her own experience (that she was a mother at the age her daughter now is): ‘Well, think of marriage now; younger than you, Here in Verona, ladies of esteem, Are made already mothers: by my ount, I was your mother much upon these years’ Whereas Juliet seems to respect her mother (first referring to her as ‘Madam’ rather than, perhaps, mum or Mother), she seems to be more at ease talking to her nurse . It would appear that Juliet and her nurse have always been close†¦ even to the point of the nurse taking over the traditional mother’s job of breastfeeding her child. She makes a reference to this in the same scene: ‘And she was wean’d,–I never shall forget it,–Of all the days of the year, upon that day: For I had then laid wormwood to my dug,’†¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœWhen it did taste the wormwood on the nipple Of my dug and felt it bitter, pretty fool, To see it tetchy and fall out with the dug! ’ Above, the nurse talks of breastfeeding Juliet. This is, of course, very unusual in this day and age, but not quite unheard of in Elizabethan times. The fond fashion in which the nurse remembers this, however, seem to indicate that Juliet and the nurse have a strong relationship. The fact that she was breast-fed by her nurse rather than her biological mother hints that perhaps the nurse was (and is? ) more of a mother to her than Lady Capulet. The nurse also seems friendlier than Lady Capulet – by saying things such as ‘Amen, young lady! Lady, such a man as all the world – why, he’s a man of wax’ and‘ Go, girl, seek happy nights to happy days’, she seems to be more excited about Paris’s proposition than Lady Capulet. Act 3, scene 5 in some ways seems a distorted reflection of Act 1, scenes 2 and 3. Capulet has arranged to marry Juliet off to Paris, and once again it is Lady Capulet that has the job of telling her. However, the Capulets’ stances on Juliet regarding marriage have changed. Instead of wanting to protect his daughter from an early marriage, Capulet is now the one trying to rush her into it. Likewise, her mother, rather than asking Juliet for her thoughts on the matter, is telling her what is Going to happen. Juliet has just spent her wedding night with her beloved and now husband, Romeo. He has been banished to the city of Mantua for avenging the murder of his friend Mercutio. The scene starts on quite tense grounds, as Juliet has almost been caught with her lover, who is a sworn enemy of her family and faces execution if found in Verona. Simply Romeo being in the house is enough to create some tension – that Juliet is crying heightens this tension. Juliet’s mother shows herself to be a little insensitive by effectively telling her daughter that crying isn’t going to bring anyone back, and that it shows her to be a bit stupid: ‘Therefore, have done: some grief shows much of love;But much of grief shows still some want of wit. Lady Capulet then shows her ignorance of Juliet’s marriage and feelings for Romeo by telling Juliet not to weep for Tybalt’s death, but that Romeo lives. Romeo is referred to as the ‘villain’ several times – this adds emphasis to the fact that the Capulets see Romeo as a bad person. Juliet mutters, aside to the audience, that she believes that Romeo and ‘villainâ€℠¢ are ‘many miles asunder’. This confirms to the audience that Juliet and her mother have opposing views. Lady Capulet continues, calling Romeo a ‘traitor murderer’ and threatens to send someone to Mantua to murder Romeo. The audience do not want to see Romeo be murdered, now that they can see how in love he and Juliet are. Shakespeare then very cleverly crafts a speech for Juliet that has dual meaning. ‘Indeed, I never shall be satisfied With Romeo, till I behold him–dead– Is my poor heart for a kinsman vex’d. Madam, if you could find out but a manTo bear a poison, I would temper it;That Romeo should, upon receipt thereof,Soon sleep in quiet. O, how my heart abhors To hear him named, and cannot come to him. To wreak the love I bore my cousin Upon his body that slaughter’d him! ’ The punctuation at the beginning can be altered to sound differently to the audience than Lady Capulet would hear it. It could be read ‘Indeed, I never shall be satisfied with Romeo, till I behold him, dead – [dead] is my poor heart for a kinsman vex’d’,where the kinsman is the slaughtered Tybalt†¦ or ‘Indeed, I never shall be satisfied with Romeo, till I behold him. Dead is my poor heart†¦a kinsman vex’d’†¦ where Romeo isn’t dead, just a kinsman (husband) vexed (in distress). She says that if she could find a poison that would let Romeo ‘sleep in quiet’, she would temper it. Whereas Lady Capulet would see this as her daughter wanting to poison Romeo and kill him, the audience may take it as her wanting to take Romeo’s troubles (i. e. their separation) away so that he can sleep peacefully at night. More observant members of the audience may also link this to the ending of the play, where Juliet temporarily poisons herself in an effort to solve her and Romeo’s problems. When Juliet says that her ‘heart abhors to hear him named, and cannot come to him. To wreak the love [she] bore [her] cousin upon his body that slaughter’d him’, her mother takes this as not being able to lay her hands upon him†¦ but the audience obviously realises that she means that it hurts her to hear his name and not be able to be with him†¦ perhaps even to get sexual gratification out of him. The audiences may well be shocked by these lusts that are well beyond her years – remember that she is only 13. The tension at this point would be building, as Juliet is playing a dangerous game by playing with her words like this. The indication that Juliet wants to ‘wreak her love upon him’ may also have been quite shocking†¦ audiences of the time would not have been so exposed to such blatant references to sins of the flesh. When Lady Capulet declares that Juliet’s father has arranged a marriage for her in a few days, the audience may feel a quick dropping sensation in their stomachs – for they know that Juliet is already married – and therefore cannot marry Paris – and that this means that the secret marriage between Juliet and her Romeo may be discovered. She also once again shows her ignorance of Juliet’s true feelings by being under the impression that the marriage will cheer Juliet up – not make her problems worse. She uses repetition of the word ‘joy’ here to emphasise what she presumes Juliet should be feeling. Juliet strikes back by saying: ‘Now, by Saint Peter’s Church and Peter too, He shall not make me there a joyful bride. I wonder at this haste; that I must wed Ere he, that should be husband, comes to woo. I pray you, tell my lord and father, madam, I will not marry yet; and, when I do, I swear, It shall be Romeo, whom you know I hate, Rather than Paris. These are news indeed! ’ Juliet swears by Saint Peters Church and Peter too’ – Elizabethan audience wouldfind this blasphemous and shocking. She also throws her mother’s term ‘a joyfulbride’ back at her, and questions her parents wishes by saying to the effect of ‘I’mwondering about you’re wish to marry me off to someone who hasn’t even botheredto court me’†¦ then downright defies them by saying that ‘I will not marry yet’. In Elizabethan times, daughters were seen as their parents’ (and especially father’s)property, so it would have been seen within Capulet’s rights (if, perhaps, a little unfair) to ‘give away’ his daughter. The last three lines of the dialogue are broken up strategically with commas, which drag out the speech and make it seem much more powerful and effective than if it was read without these breaks. The whole speech, whilst not quite being disrespectful, is defiant and directly challenges Juliet’s parents’ wishes. The audience will feel now as if the tension is coming to a peak, as society absolutely demanded that children abided by their parent’s wishes, and that even though the marriage can’t go ahead, Juliet will be punished for trying to prevent it. When Capulet enters, he appears in a fine mood, but this soon changes when his wife informs him of their daughter’s wishes. She says that she wishes ‘the fool were married to her grave’†¦ this is the first sign of the rift created between Juliet (the younger generation) and her parents (the older generation). Capulet enquires of Juliet’s motives for not marrying Paris with the following ‘Soft! take me with you, take me with you, wife. How! will she none? doth she not give us thanks? Is she not proud? doth she not count her blest,Unworthy as she is, that we have wrought So worthy a gentleman to be her bridegroom? ’ Here, Capulet shows his apparent displeasure that Juliet isn’t thankful for her father’s arranging of this marriage – saying that she should be proud and count herself as blessed – this shows Juliet and her father’s relationship as starting to waver. He also says that Paris is ‘so worthy a gentleman’, but that she is ‘unworthy’†¦ indicating, perhaps, that he gives Paris more credit than his daughter. This shows the audience something about their true relationship and how much he values her. Bear in mind his conversation with Paris in act 1, scene 2 – where Capulet was protective of his daughter, and talked of her more like a person – whereas now he is ‘giving her away’ as if she were property. ‘Not proud, you have; but thankful, that you have: Proud can I never be of what I hate; But thankful even for hate, that is meant love. As we can see, Juliet’s relationship towards her father is quite different. Even though she can’t like that he’s arranged a marriage for her, she still respects him and is thankful that he has arranged a wedding for her in an attempt to cheer her up –because it was meant well. This makes Juliet, the child in this sce ne, seem instantlyvmore likeable to the audience – which makes anyone who tries to hurt Juliet seemless likeable. From the following person onwards, this person is Capulet: ‘How now, how now, chop-logic! What is this? ‘Proud,’ and ‘I thank you,’ and ‘I thank you not;’ And yet ‘not proud,’ mistress minion, you,Thank me no thankings, nor, proud me no prouds, But fettle your fine joints ‘gainst Thursday next,To go with Paris to Saint Peter’s Church,Or I will drag thee on a hurdle thither. Out, you green-sickness carrion! out, you baggage! You tallow-face! ’ Capulet now starts verbally assaulting his daughter, due to her not wishing to have amarriage to a man she does not know forced upon her. After calling her illogical, hethrows her own words back in her face, mocking her, telling her not to bother thanking him but just to be ready to marry Paris – because he will drag her to the church regardless. He finishes by aggressively insulting her. The way Shakespeare chooses to rapidly change Capulet’s mood like this makesCapulet appear volatile and dangerous. The audience by this point in the play havealready grown to side and empathise with Juliet, so they will oppose anything thatthreatens her. As with Juliet’s speech, the punctuation drags out the long sentences in this block of dialogue, and makes it more powerful. The speech also starts in the iambic pentameter, which follows the rhythmic beating of your heart, but then goes outslightly towards the end†¦ this can be seen to show that Capulet is getting more and more worked up in his determination to control his daughter and starting to lose control. Shakespeare also uses direct address (‘mistress minion, you’) to make the speech seem more direct and focused; asyndetic listing to make his list of words to throwback at Juliet appear longer; poetic word-play to make the speech more interesting; fricative alliteration, and violent verbs such as ‘drag’ to make the speech more powerful. Until this point it seems that there may be a chance for Juliet to brush the wedding aside and perhaps convince her parents to like Romeo – however, after this, there seems to be very little chance of that happening. The tenseness in the audience shifts from the state of Romeo and Juliet’s marriage to concern for Juliet’s welfare . After this outburst, Lady Capulet asks her husband if she is mad – although she doesn’t appear much of a mother, this may suggest that she holds her only daughter in higher regard than her husband does. It seems that perhaps this relationship isn’t quite as bad as it previously appeared. However, by trying to calm her husband, she may anger him further – this, coupled with the knowledge that Lady Capulet too thinks that this is perhaps getting a little out of hand, creates yet more tension. ‘Good father, I beseech you on my knees, Hear me with patience but to speak a word. ’ [She kneels down]’ Juliet now pleads with her father on her knees. The audience really feel the tension now, as it seems that the relationship between Juliet and her father are coming to the point of no return. Kneeling down is also a very dramatic and meaningful gesture -she is putting herself at her father’s mercy. ‘Hang thee, young baggage! disobedient wretch! I tell thee what: get thee to church o’ Thursday,Or never after look me in the face:Speak not, reply not, do not answer me;My fingers itch. Wife, we scarce thought us blest That God had lent us but this only child; But now I see this one is one too much, And that we have a curse in having her:Out on her, hilding! ’ It is at this point that Capulet really loses control. At this point the audience may startwondering how far Capulet will go. He makes references to her being killed (‘hangthee’), calls her a ‘disobedient wretch’, and directly threatens her – warning her never to look him in the face again if she isn’t at the church to marry Paris on Thursday. Heends by ordering her to be quiet – repetition of imperative commands are used here for emphasis. He also goes as far as saying that he wishes she had never been born – a shocking thing for him to say at his child. After Juliet has put herself at her fathers mercy by kneeling at his feet, to be cursed in such a manner is obviously a huge shock to the audience, and the tension is beginning to peak. Tension has been sustained for quite a long period of time now, and the audience will most likely be on the edges of their seats in anticipation for what will happen to Juliet and how this squabble will be resolved. Luckily, at this peak, the nurse decides to join the quarrel, siding with Juliet, whom it was mentioned that she was close to earlier. She stands up to her employer on Juliet’s behalf, and tells him that he is the one in the wrong: ‘God in heaven bless her! You are to blame, my lord, to rate her so. The nurse feels that defending Juliet, who is essentially just a girl she is employed to mind, is worth losing her job, tells us a lot about how strongly the nurse feels about this girl. Capulet then tells the nurse to be quiet, and dismisses her as a gossiper. The nurse changes tactics slightly and becomes more polite and diplomatic, saying that she‘speaks no treason’ and asks him politely for permission to talk (‘may not onespeak? ’). C apulet, however, is still in a foul mood, so calls her a ‘mumbling fool’ andtells her to be quiet. Lady Capulet, whilst not being on Juliet’s ‘side’, speaks in her favour as she tellsCapulet that he is being ‘too hot’ – showing that even though her husband’s word islaw, she still cares somewhat about her daughter. There is more relationship-relatedfriction, as now Lady Capulet puts herself in danger of antagonising her husband. Whilst this isn’t friction between adults and children, it is still tension that theaudience may feel. Capulet then dives into his most intense, aggressive and fuelled speech – or,perhaps more appropriately, outburst – of the scene and perhaps even the entireplay. God’s bread! it makes me mad: Day, night, hour, tide, time, work, play, Alone, in company, still my care hath beenTo have her match’d: and having now provided A gentleman of noble parentage,Of fair demesnes, youthful, and nobly train’d,Stuff’d, as they say, with honourable parts, Proportion’d as one’s thought would wish a man; And then to have a wretched puling fool, A whining mammet, in her fortune’s tender,To answer ‘I’ll not wed; I cannot love, I am too young; I pray you, pardon me. But, as you will not wed, I’ll pardon you:Graze where you will you shall not house with me: Look to’t, think on’t, I do not use to jest. Thursday is near; lay hand on heart, advise: An you be mine, I’ll give you to my friend; And you be not, hang, beg, starve, die inthe streets, For, by my soul, I’ll ne’er acknowledge thee, Nor what is mine shall never do thee good:Trust to’t, bethink you; I’ll not be forsworn. ’ Capulet starts off with an exclamation (‘God’s bread! ’) and lists the times he’s cared for her asyndetically for impact and to draw them out. The actor could possibly raise his voice list item by list item here to build tension. He goes on to rant about how he has ‘provided her’ with a ‘gentleman of noble parentage’, and other traits so desirable in the Elizabethan era – building up Paris’s image, acting proud that he has been able to ‘catch’ this man for his daughter†¦ almost holding him in awe, even – and then curses his daughter for suggesting that she will not marry him. He refers to Juliet – his own daughter – as a wretch and a ‘whining mammet’. He mocks her by throwing her own words back at her – somewhat childishly as many of the things she hasn’t actually said and Capulet has just presumed or exaggerated(such as ‘I cannot love’, ‘I am too young’ etc). This shows that he has little respect at her and is determined to get at her, regardless of what she has actually said. He threatens to throw her out: ‘Graze where you will you shall not house with me’ -he also uses the word ‘graze’ here in place of ‘live with’, reducing her to the level of cattle – and warns her that he is not joking about this by saying ‘I do not use to jest’. He then tells her that she is his property (‘And you be mine’), and that he can use her as property as he ‘gives [her] to [his] friend’. He finalizes the raving speech with his wish that she should die or live a life of misery (‘hang, beg, starve, die in the streets’ – a syndetic listing again here, used as if Capulet’s thoughts are so fuelled that he feels he must rush to spit them out) if she disagrees with him. The audience, who side with Juliet, will by now have a deep disliking of Capulet. Juliet turns to her mother. Is there no pity sitting in the clouds,That sees into the bottom of my grief? O, sweet my mother, cast me not away! Delay this marriage for a month, a week;Or, if you do not, make the bridal bed In that dim monument where Tybalt lies. ’ Here Juliet wails to the heavens, before begging her mother not to disown her as her father has done. She pleads to her mother to delay the marriage for a short period of ti me – going as far as suggesting that would commit suicide. Ironically, at the end of the play, Juliet and Romeo die together in ‘a tomb belonging to the Capulets. The watching audience knows that she wishes to delay the marriage to give her time to think things over and sort out her marriage to Romeo – however, the audience also knows that Lady Capulet doesn’t know that this is the case, and that she probably thinks Juliet is being a little childish. However, her mother replies with: ‘Talk not to me, for I’ll not speak a word: Do as thou wilt, for I have done with thee. ’ By refusing to talk to her daughter from that moment onwards, Lady Capulet effectively lands the fatal blow to the Capulets’ previously good stance with the audience. After Capulet tries to protect his daughter from an early, restrictive marriage, and then his wife siding somewhat with his daughter as she tried to gently calm him, their change in the face of the audience is quite remarkable. Romeo and Juliet are the ‘heroes’ and focus of the play; the older generation of the Capulets can now be seen by the audience as the villains. Juliet then turns to her nurse in desperation. Throughout the play so far, the nurse has been unwaveringly loyal to Juliet and has wanted for her only what she thinks is for the best. However, after asking for consolation and for a way to prevent the marriage, the nurse says: ‘Faith, here it is. Romeo is banish’d; and all the world to nothing,That he dares ne’er come back to challenge you; Or, if he do, it needs must be by stealth. Then, since the case so stands as now it doth, I think it best you married with the county. O, he’s a lovely gentleman! Romeo’s a dishclout to him: an eagle, madam, Hath not so green, so quick, so fair an eye As Paris hath. Beshrew my very heart, I think you are happy in this second match, For t excels your first: or if it did not,Your first is dead; or ’twere as good he were, As living here and you no use of him. ’ Instead of her expected reply of consolation and a method of preventing the marriage and rejoining with her husband, the nurse reminds Juliet that Romeo has been banished and won’t dare come back to see her, at least not without it being in secret. She continues, saying that she believes that in the current light of things, it would be best for Juliet to marry Paris, this man who, although noble, barely knows her, if it all. She compares Romeo to a dishcloth and Paris to an eagle – quite offensive and complementary comparisons respectively. Even though the nurse is talking sense, this is not what the audience want to hear at this point. By telling Juliet that she should leave someone that the audience love for someone that her father is forcing her to marry on threats of violence makes her almost as bad has the Capulets. The next few lines of dialogue are where Juliet and the audience finally realise that it’s the younger generation versus the older generation: ‘ JULIET Speakest thou from thy heart? Nurse And from my soul too; Or else beshrew them both. JULIET Amen! Nurse What? JULIET Well, thou hast comforted me marvellous much. Go in: and tell my lady I am gone, Having displeased my father, to Laurence’ cell,To make confession and to be absolved. Nurse Marry, I will; and this is wisely done. ’ After checking that the nurse truly means what she says (‘Speakest thou from thyheart? ’), Juliet exclaims ‘Amen! ’ What she really means is ‘so be it’†¦ this is the point where she decides to forsake any adult advice and try and sort things out for herself. The nurse doesn’t understand, but the audience does – this reinforces the idea that the way the younger generation and udience think is now different from the way the adults think. She still has respect for her father and her religion, because she says ‘Having displeased my father’†¦ ’make confession and to be absolved’ – or so it seems. After the nurse exits and Juliet is left alone, she makes one last emotional speech to the audience: Ancient damnation! O most wicked fiend! Is it more sin to wish me thus forsworn,Or to dispraise my lord with that same tongueWhich she hath praised him with above compareSo many thousand times? Go, counsellor;Thou and my bosom henceforth shall be twain. I’ll to the friar, to know his remedy: If all else fail, myself have power to die. ’ Juliet now renounces her faith in god, saying that ‘[the nurse] and my bosom henceforth shall be twain (split apart)’. There is another suicide reference at the end of this dialogue. This increases tension back from the level it sunk to after Juliet’s parents left. Because of the actions and words of the older generation in the Capulet household, Juliet is contemplating suicide. This makes the audience angry with the adults. After this scene, Juliet goes to see the only adult left that she trusts – Friar Lawrence. He gives her a draft of sleeping potion, planning to fake her death so that she can escape and be alone with her Romeo, at least until things get straightened out. Unfortunately, Romeo doesn’t receive Lawrence’s message explaining the situation to him, and thinks that Juliet is indeed dead. In his mad grief, he rushes to the Capulet family tomb to take one last look at his late wife, and meets Paris there. After a struggle, Paris is killed, and Romeo poisons himself. Juliet awakes soon after, and after dismissing the Friar who comes to offer someform of consolation, gives her Romeo one last kiss, and stabs herself with his dagger. Afterwards, Capulet, Montague, Friar Lawrence and the prince meet outside, and the friar reveals the story to all parties. Only at the end, after their offspring are dead, do they realise their errors. Act 3 scene 5 affects the rest of the play quite dramatically. If marriage wasn’t aboutto be forced upon Juliet, she wouldn’t have needed to take quite such drastic steps to reunite herself with her secret husband, and the deaths of Romeo, Paris and Juliet could all have been avoided. All that Capulet needed to do was to ask his daughter of her opinion before arranging her to be married, or for Lady Capulet to respectJuliet’s wishes to delay the marriage for a month so that she could get thingsstraightened out. In the end, the feuding families of Montague and Capulet finally settle their differences, at a price – as prince states at the end of act 5, For never was a story of more woeThan this of Juliet and her Romeo. ’ To put the play into context, readers must understand some things about Elizabethansociety. Elizabethan society was what is known as a patriarchal society – that is, a societygoverned by men. Women had very little individual power or influence, and fatherswere seen as the head of the household and were to be obeyed. Daughters wereregarded as possessions of their fathers – something that could be ‘given away’ to acandidate that the father decrees as suitable. This would have made Juliet’s arguing with her father very unorthodox and shocking –woman, arguing with her father , the man who possessed her . Children wereexpected to obey adults at all time – their word was law. Adults and children didn’thave the sorts of friendly, easygoing relationships that they we enjoy today – childrenwere to obey and not have strong opinions or an unhealthy amount of free will – bothof which Juliet possesses. Religion was also a big part of Elizabethan society. Marriage was seen as a holyevent and was also a big family event. For Juliet to have had a rushed wedding withvery few people (and no family members) present would have been very unusual tothe Elizabethan audience. The idea of suicide would also have been much more shocking to an audience in theElizabethan era. Whereas nowadays suicide is seen as taking your own life,Elizabethans had the added shock of a woman going against gods will. Towards the beginning of the scene, Juliet expresses quite explicitly that she wouldlike to ‘wreak her love upon Romeo’s body’. In these times, people are quitesaturated with references to sex and love in the media, but at the time Shakespearewrote this play, the topic was considered taboo. Audiences would have beenshocked at Juliet’s seemingly ‘unquenchable lust’. However, the scene isn’t quiteenough to repulse the audiences – it is just enough to get them excited and feel asense of risk. I think that Shakespeare was successful in creating tension with his presentation of relationships in act 3 scene 5 of Romeo and Juliet. There is already some tension inthe play, which is built upon when Lady Capulet narrowly misses catching Romeo inher daughter’s room, and Juliet dangerously plays with her wording to give it dualmeanings. The relationship heightens yet more when Juliet defies her parents bystating that she will not marry the man her father has chosen for her, and reaches apeak as her father starts hurling abuse and threats at her. How to cite Romeo and Juliet Act 3 Scene 5, Essay examples

Morality - Care - and International Law

Question: Demonstrate a good understanding of the substantive rules of international law applicable to the oil and gas industry. Evaluate the key principles of contract formation in international commercial transactions and key international law principles and trends in the oil and gas sector. Assess the effectiveness of international law in addressing the environmental impact of oil exploration and exploitation Demonstrate a critical understanding of the importance of oil and gas law as a distinct subject, studied in a practical and commercial context. Answer: Introduction Their different sorts of authorization are significant in the matter of oil and gas. The overall business intercession is expecting a fundamental part of the oil and gas industry. Of course, the oil and gas segment joins various unsafe, complicated and unreasonable operations which exist for a long extend. Remembering finished objective to attract special get-togethers in these exchanges, outstanding contracts have an individual part to play in the oil and gas industry. The handy way of the operations makes various sorts of inquiry in the organization of oil and gas sector. On the other hand, there are distinctive types of civil argument perceived in the oil and gas industry, for instance, claims relating to sum and nature of items, expert determination, claims over force, equipment related cases, a security issue, and worldwide marine. Most of the social events of oil and gas industry slant toward the agreed verbal confrontation determination get ready instead of lead it to national courts. Also, the general prudence joins a few stages, for instance, the economy, necessary approval, absence of predisposition, and practicality. Along these lines, it is more alluring over the suit. Besides, is seen as private, moderate and non-opposing for social affairs and they make a determination of their inquiry. Result of functional guidelines of global law on oil and gas industry With the help of comprehension of the social events, the legal system and rules of law applicable to the substance of overall oil and gas industry's level headed discussion. According to the Art.28 (1) of the mediation exhibit, the dialog in comprehension including benchmarks of law by the social affairs as fitting to the substance of the inquiry. The task of law or any actual structure should be either completed up or imparted by the social occasions in oil and gas industry (McKibben, 2007). The substantive standards of overall law are to a significant degree fruitful in communicating the issue of oil and gas sector. The determination of universal law is key with a particular finished objective to utilize the substantive rules in the verbal confrontation of oil and gas segment. With the help of levels of leadership recourses, the law should be driven, and the national law will apply most of the benchmarks of that law (Held, 2011). Besides that, the social affairs of the oil and gas industry may pick or transform into the judges, and they will apply the non-national, worldwide and substantive transnational rules or the standard estimation of overall law of oil and gas industry (Philander, 2012). All reference specified above are fundamental for fitting substantive principles of the overall law. It is greatly gigantic to tell that the Russian parties on occasion use the picked relevant law instead of the reliable system. On the other hand, the lawful consultants for the oil and gas industry are expecting a gigantic part in this fragment. A huge segment of the legitimate guides recommends against the references to the courses of action of substantive standards of the overall law. Besides that, the general principals of worldwide law are predominantly driven by the middle people and judges to avoid the inconveniences of inside level-headed discussion of the oil and gas industry (Held, 2011). On the reason of general principals of law, the social affairs of oil and gas industry lead towards the advancement of a system and they are hunting down the 'de-nationalize' applicable law. The universal law is material because of assertion relationship; in like manner, the principals of law should not be used when the social occasions are unequivocally agreed about the positive verification of inquiry (Kubasek and Silverman, 2008). Likewise, that kind of comprehension can't be thwarted to apply, and it was exhibited by the particular rewards of arbitral. The imperative of internationalization could be found in the all-inclusive community solicitation of the examination state's court or the relevant benchmarks; the poor decision would be seen and maintained by either lawful or arbitral remembering the finished objective to decide the level headed discussion in the oil and gas industry (Tilburg Law Review, 2010). The central principals of bond development in international commercial contacts in the oil and gas division Remembering the final objective to focus on the cross-periphery offer of produce, the right parts of worldwide business trades are accepting a massive part. The assertions for the overall offer of stock was displayed in 1988, and the United Nations Convention reviewed it with 73 countries had supported it. Also, the advancement of the understandings for the all-inclusive offer of stock and a full legitimate code of normal law were managed through the establishment of the dialog. Moreover, the honest to goodness duty of buyer and dealer in like manner decided with the help of that discourse. Likewise, the principals of overall business trade choose the break of understanding and other contract related points. On the other hand, a recorded position is displayed by the accords for the general offer of items in the philosophy of a worldwide mix of law (McKibben, 2007). Regardless, it is evident that more than 72% of each extensive arrangement trades are conceivably controlled by the unde rstandings for the current offers of items. Besides that, the hugest courses of action of rules are considered by the UNIDROIT principals on the all-inclusive business contracts. Besides, the social events of the oil and gas industry who take after the common assertion can coordinate their comprehension. Both the assertions for the overall offer of stock and UNIDROIT contract principals have their individual part to play in the global business trade and widespread trade. Examining the key overall law principals and examples, both affect the particular parts of oil and gas industry. According to the principals of all general law, the understanding joins some good segments, for instance, licenses, stipends, endorsement and impermanent gifts which are required by precepts and regulation of the oil and gas industry. The grant is indispensable remembering the deciding objective to example stock. The license reflects the underwriting of government close by assent. The permit should be spared meticulously. On the other hand, the gifts are expecting a critical part in the oil and gas industry. According to the applicable law, the award is required to keep up the business smoothly with no honest to goodness issues. Like this, the overall business trades and key all inclusive law principals affect the standards and regulation of the oil and gas part (McKibben, 2007). International law and conservational effect of the oil exploration and exploitation Due to the oil examination, the earth is all that abundantly debased and hurt. According to the all-inclusive law, the oil and gas industry puts extra thought on the oil research. The risky unsafe destructive is made by the oil examination, and it is mixed with the nearby water. The real mischief happened for both animals and human as a result of the deadly destructive. The water is being polluted which used as a part of the cropland. Remembering the final objective to deal with the items are required for the human. In light of the effect of hazardous destructive, the things pass on various sorts of ailment, for instance, hepatitis A, free entrails, lead hurting, polyomavirus malady, etc. (Philander, 2012). Of course, the compound portions in the natural liquid wastages make an original mix which debased the water of lakes and conduit. The water of the stream is used as the drinking water as a part of various areas. As to examination and entering, the recourses of that drinking water is being dirtied. Therefore, the human is impacted, and they encounter the evil effects of different diseases. Besides that, the oil examination drives the earth pollution also. Various oil associations enter the deluge woodlands with a particular deciding objective to increase their business and extension the earth contamination. As a result of the water, contamination fishes are failing horrendously, and various people need to go up against money related issues which oversee it. The deforestation is one of the basic purposes of nature illness (Philander, 2012). A broad assortment of timberland had been cut off by the oil associations to amplify their business. On the other hand, the wood is used for the b oulevards, fuel, improvement, and furniture. Furthermore, the effect of oil pollution on the human society is extraordinarily great matter. Remembering the final objective to control the environmental painting, the World Health Organization and overall law executes some practical rules and regulation. As demonstrated by the germane law, the oil associations need to clean all underground sections, loads and drains to common wastages clearing. The experts should give careful thought to nature issues. They should work more sincerely and put wastages at proper places and take the affirmation from those regular infective wastages with a particular final objective to keep up their physical condition. This way, the oil examination and abuse affect the biological pollution notwithstanding; the common law prevents the defilement through various ways (Tilburg Law Review, 2010). The distinction of oil and gas law as a distinct subject The oil and gas law should be exhibited in different sorts of Business College, universities and master's level college. The understudies should think about the centrality of oil and gas law. Various types of investigation exhibited that the law is an essential subject which constructs the human data about the precepts and regulation. Besides that, the understudies should know the oil and gas industry since it is related to nature and their lives (Kubasek and Silverman, 2008). We as a whole understood the impact of oil and gas examination, era and course on the earth. We should secure our surroundings with the help of oil and gas law. In case understudies think about the oil and gas law, then they can keep the bullying by realizing that law. On the other hand, the fuel is one of our days by day necessities for eternity. Oil and gas industry makes the fuel and offers it to us. In the midst of the creation process, packaging method and spread set up the earth is polluted by the oil and gas part. A vast segment of the agents don't conform to the principles and regulations of the oil and gas industry and spread universal wastages in everywhere. The understudies can realize the oil and gas law, and they should report it to the force of the oil and gas industry. Besides that, the teacher can moreover develop their understanding circle through the oil and gas law. As an issue of first significance, educator and instructors must grasp the speculations of oil and gas industry. After the perfect setting they up, should start teaching the understudies, and they should take a test on this basic subject (Held, 2011). The force of guideline structure should join the oil and gas law as a vital subject in their yearly syllabus. Besides, oil and gas law should be a compulsory subject for the understudies of the foundation. Additionally, the oil and gas law should be exhibited through down to earth and business association. Various adolescents are working in the oil and gas industry who have no idea about the law of oil and gas. The organization should know them about the significance of the oil and law which offers them to improve their execution, some assistance with learning, and commitment. About fresh candidate who needs to join the oil and gas ind ustry, the organization should give a sound judgment lesson to them. Nevertheless, the oil and gas law can transform into an important subject of the nation. Conclusion The oil and gas industry consolidates some particular worldwide law which chooses the rules and regulation. Of course, the all-inclusive business circumspection is best rather than a case. The legitimate reason is that the social events of the oil and gas industry need to decide the open deliberation with the help of appropriate law. They would lean toward not to visit the business court of the state. Likewise, the circumspection is the most cherished inquiry deciding technique for the oil and gas industry. References Held, V. (2011). Morality, care, and international law. Ethics Global Politics, 4(3). Kubasek, N. and Silverman, G. (2008). Environmental law. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. McKibben, B. (2007). Deep economy. New York: Times Books. Philander, S. (2012). Encyclopedia of global warming climate change. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. Tilburg Law Review, E. (2010). Preliminary Material. Tilburg Law Review, 15(1), pp.1-5.